At the behest of the GSM Association (GSMA), fifteen network operators have founded a joint initiative against the spread of spam via mobile communications networks and published a “Code of Practice” (PDF file). All of the network operators in Germany except E-Plus and its parent company KPN have signed the agreement. The signatories include US mobile communications giant Cingular Wireless, the Hutchison Group, Turkcell and Indian mobile communications Group Bharti. According to GSMA, the fifteen mobile communications companies serve a total of around 500 million customers in more than 50 countries. The initiative is focusing on spam sent as a text message or MMS, which has been divided into three categories: first, advertising that the cell phone user did not request; second, messages that directly or indirectly lead to calls of expensive premium services; and third, fraudulent content, such as the spoofs familiar to users of fixed Internet.